{"id":691,"date":"2015-05-18T09:00:14","date_gmt":"2015-05-18T13:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/annelitwin.com\/?p=691"},"modified":"2015-05-18T09:00:14","modified_gmt":"2015-05-18T13:00:14","slug":"working-women-in-china-a-sticky-floor-and-a-glass-ceiling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.annelitwin.com\/blog\/blog-posts\/working-women-in-china-a-sticky-floor-and-a-glass-ceiling\/","title":{"rendered":"Working Women in China: A Sticky Floor and a Glass Ceiling"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\t\t\t\t<![CDATA[I always thought that, because of Mao\u2019s Communist Revolution in 1949, women in China did not face the same challenges as women in the United States and elsewhere. After all, Mao made a big deal out of elevating and equalizing the role of women in Chinese society and used the slogan \u201cwomen hold up half the sky\u201d to describe the equal place of women.\nImagine my surprise when I interviewed a group of Chinese businesswomen for the research published in my new book, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/New-Rules-Women-Revolutionizing-Together\/dp\/0982056982\"><em>New Rules for Women: Revolutionizing the Way Women Work Together<\/em><\/a><em>,<\/em> and found they faced some very familiar challenges, as well as some unique ones created by their cultural context. They face similar challenges both in their relationships with one another in the workplace and in systemic problems, such as a very wide gender pay gap and very low representation in both middle and senior leadership roles.\nThe Chinese women in my research reported negative dynamics in their relationships with other women in the workplace that were similar to those described by the rest of my research participants. For example, they reported feeling unsupported by senior women, who were often harder on junior women than on men and did not try to mentor or help younger women advance. As I explain in my book, these dynamics reflect internalized negative stereotypes about women and demonstrate the structural impact of women being less valued than men in societal and organizational cultures.\nEvidence that Chinese culture still places higher value on men can be found in a recent <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/21\/world\/asia\/china-women-lag-in-work-force-especially-in-top-jobs.html?_r=0\"><em>New York Times<\/em> article<\/a> in which the authors, Didi Kirsten Tatlow and Michael Forsythe, described the resurgence of long-repressed traditional values in China. The authors noted, \u201cMore and more men and women say a woman\u2019s place is in the home, wealthy men take mistresses in a contemporary reprise of the concubine system, and pressure for women to marry young is intense.\u201d And we\u2019ve all read about the preference for male children that, in the context of the one-child policy, has resulted in female babies being killed or abandoned. These are the signs of a patriarchal society.\nTatlow and Forsythe, along with <a href=\"http:\/\/usa.chinadaily.com.cn\/epaper\/2015-03\/13\/content_19803414.htm\">Yang Yao of <em>China Daily<\/em><\/a>, offer these statistics showing the impact of this resurgence of traditional values on women in the Chinese work force:\n\n\n<ul>\n\t\n\n<li>Chinese women are losing ground in the work force compared with men and make up just 25.1 percent of people with positions of \u201cresponsibility.\u201d This describes senior management roles, as well as supervisory and middle management positions. Women in China refer to this lack of opportunity at lower levels as the \u201csticky floor.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>Fewer than one in ten board members of China\u2019s top three hundred publicly traded (CSI 300) companies are women.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>Thirty of the thirty-one state-owned companies listed on the CSI 300 have no women in senior leadership. The Chinese government could mandate that women be represented in senior management in these state-owned companies, but they do not.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>No woman has ever served in the Politburo Standing Committee, the highest level of Chinese government.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>The gender pay gap has grown significantly in the last two decades: in 1990 it was 77.5 percent, and in 2010 it was 67.3 percent for working women in urban areas. It was 56 percent for rural women in 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ul>\n\n\nWhile there is clearly a glass ceiling in China, the women I interviewed complained that they must first get past the sticky floor before a glass ceiling is even a problem to tackle. Attitudes about women belonging in the home mean that they have difficulty being considered for most positions or promotions, and men are clearly preferred. The labor laws are vague and unenforceable and do not define gender discrimination. Companies are even free to state \u201cno women need apply\u201d when advertising open positions.\nThe Chinese women in my research also described intense pressure, even from other women colleagues, to marry young and have a child quickly because of the one-child policy, a dynamic unique to China. These women described a fear of being shunned by their women colleagues if they did not have a child.\nOn a positive note, Yao reported that, inspired by Facebook\u2019s chief operating officer Sheryl Sandberg\u2019s book, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Lean-In-Women-Work-Will\/dp\/0385349947\"><em>Lean In: Women, Work and the Will to Lead<\/em><\/a>, groups of women in Beijing are starting to meet to organize networking events and seminars to help women advance and grow. \u00a0Women in China are finding a collective voice, which is how change will begin in the right direction.]]>\t\t<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\t\t\t\t<![CDATA[]]>\t\t<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[72,75,100,225,443,490,551,612,634],"class_list":["post-691","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog-posts","tag-business","tag-businesswomen","tag-china","tag-gender","tag-pay-gap","tag-relationships","tag-stereotypes","tag-women","tag-workplace"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.annelitwin.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/691","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.annelitwin.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.annelitwin.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.annelitwin.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.annelitwin.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=691"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.annelitwin.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/691\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.annelitwin.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=691"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.annelitwin.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=691"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.annelitwin.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=691"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}